Marmosets, tamarins, squirrel monkeys, and spider monkeys {New World monkey}| were first monkeys.
evolution
New World monkeys came from Africa to South America on floating vegetation. Parapithecus was ancestor of Old World monkeys.
habitat
New World monkeys live in trees.
anatomy: tail
New World monkeys have prehensile tails.
anatomy: nostrils
New World monkeys have upward-pointing nostrils (Platyrrhini) and broad flat noses.
brain: striate cortex
Primate striate cortex can differ from motor cortex {giant Betz cell} in laminar organization, cell number, cell types, and general connectivity patterns.
brain: ventral premotor area
Ventral premotor area aids visually guided hand movements and learning by watching.
brain: Wernicke's area
Monkeys have Wernicke's area at vision, audition, and somaesthetic cortical junction.
senses
In monkeys, object perception uses one sense pathway involving all senses. Humans use this pathway only at birth.
senses: vision
Fovea allows sharp vision in visual-field center. Brain pathway for shapes and brain pathway for movement and contrast evolved. Brain area V1 has blobs and interblobs. V4, V8, and MT brain areas evolved.
self
Tamarin monkeys are curious about their bodies and movements they see in mirrors, unlike cats and dogs. Monkeys can have sense of self [Hauser, 2000].
mother
Monkeys normally cling to mothers for contact and security. If mother was absent from monkey infants, infants stayed afraid of strange objects and did not explore them. Later, the monkeys had sexual and mothering problems. If monkeys have no play and no mother, they have more aggression and wariness. Baby monkeys cling to cloth monkeys as mother substitutes [Harlow and Harlow, 1949].
suffering
Monkeys can suffer, because they can do something about conditions that make them suffer [Povinelli, 1998].
signal
Vervet monkeys make different alarm calls for eagles, leopards, and snakes and use grunts in social interactions [Cheney and Seyfarth, 1990] [Seyfarth and Cheney, 1992].
Putty-nosed monkeys make alarm calls for crowned eagles that make other monkeys stand still. Calls for leopards cause them look at ground. They can combine the calls to signal group to leave place.
Marmosets, tamarins, squirrel monkeys, and spider monkeys live in trees {arboreal}| and have prehensile tails.
Small monkeys {marmoset} have soft fur, come from South America and Central America, and have claws instead of nails.
monkey {rhesus monkey}.
monkey {spider monkey}.
monkey {squirrel monkey}.
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Date Modified: 2022.0225